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Photo of Dr. Phil Sharp from the MIT Archives "Anything found to be true of E. coli must also be true of elephants." Jacques Monod, 1965 Nobel laureate for the discovery of bacterial operons Monod, who co-discovered how bacteria control gene expression, thought that since all life shares common ancestry, fundamental genetic rules should apply equally to everything from single-celled bacteria to mammals. In 1977, Dr. Phil Sharp, in collaboration with others, challenged this f